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Vocabulary Development: The Suffix

The English language has developed over time by absorbing words from other languages. Although it is considered a Germanic language, it contains an abundance of words derived from Latin, Greek, and French, as well as from other languages.

Word origins become especially important when you are faced with a word that you do not understand. If you can recognize even a small part of it (like the beginning or the ending), you have a better chance of figuring out what it means. As a result, the first step in developing a larger and better vocabulary is to learn about the small parts that make up words: the prefixes, the suffixes, and the root words.

Improving your vocabulary helps you improve your reading comprehension, which helps you improve your standardized test scores. Improving your vocabulary also helps you become a better writer. Take a look at the lists below for meanings and examples of prefixes and suffixes.

A suffix comes at the end of a word. "Affix" is the suffix of "suffix" and means to attach to a base (or in the case of words, to attach to a root). Consider other words ending with "affix" that you are likely to already know the meaning of: appendix, index, annex.
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Following is a list of suffixes:

Suffix
Meaning
Examples
-able, -ible
capable, worthy of notable, edible
-age
condition, result of adage, dotage
-al
relating to causal, casual, unicameral
-ance, -ence
condition of, process of, relating to governance, penance, presence
-ary
relating to,
connected with
pulmonary, funerary
-ate
function of acerbate, sedate, stagnate
-ation
state of being exultation, deprivation
-en
made of, to make wooden, molten, liven
-er, -or
someone/something performing an action writer, actor, driver
-ful
full of, able to bountiful, plentiful, beautiful
-fy, -ify
to make, to cause,
to become
modify, beautify, verify
-hood
condition of, class parenthood, motherhood, brotherhood, neighborhood
-ish
belonging to, similar to Swedish, smallish, selfish
-ism
act of, condition of,
theory of
criticism, optimism, capitalism
-ist
person who does
or favors
conformist, violinist, pacifist
-ite
person/thing
associated with
meteorite, stalactite
-ive
relating to relative, passive, active
-ize
to make, to subject to formalize, jeopardize, modernize, emphasize
-gram
something written or drawn cardiogram, telegram
-graph
something written or drawn phonograph, seismograph
-less
without, unable to effortless, ageless, aimless
-logue, -log
speech, to speak monologue, dialogue, travelogue
-logy
study of zoology, biology, sociology
-ly similar to totally, likely, presumably
-ment
result of excitement, abutment, embellishment
-meter, -metry
measuring device,
to measure
geometry, kilometer, parameter, perimeter
-ness
having similar characteristics likeness, abrasiveness, carelessness
-oid
resembles humanoid, spheroid, trapezoid
-ory, -tory relating to history, accessory
-ous
full of, possessing arduous, beauteous, glorious
-phile
one who loves or has a strong affinity for audiophile, anglophile
-phobe, -phobia
one who fears,
an intense fear
agoraphobia, xenophobe, xenophobia
-tion, -sion
condition position, rendition, corrosion
-ty, -ity
condition enmity, ability, originality


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